The Basics of Mammalian Temperature Regulation

The Basics of Mammalian Temperature Regulation Do you find it surprising that reindeer, which spend much of their time standing in snow, dont get cold feet? Or that dolphins, whose thin flippers are gliding constantly through cool water, still manage to pursue very active lifestyles? A special circulatory adaptation known as countercurrent heat exchange enables both of these animals to maintain the appropriate body temperature in their extremities, and this is only one of the many clever adaptations mammals have evolved over the last hundred million years to help them to deal with variable temperatures. Mammals Are Endothermic All mammals are endothermic- that is, they maintain and regulate their own body temperature, no matter the external conditions. (Cold-blooded vertebrates, like snakes and turtles, are ectothermic.) Living in widespread environments around the world, mammals face daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperatures and some- for example, those indigenous to harsh arctic or tropical habitats- have to deal with extreme cold or heat. To maintain their correct internal body temperature, mammals must have a way to produce and conserve body heat in colder temperatures, as well as dissipate excess body heat in warmer temperatures. The mechanisms mammals have for producing heat include cellular metabolism, circulatory adaptations,  and plain, old-fashioned shivering. Cellular metabolism is the chemical process that constantly occurs within cells, by which organic molecules are broken down and harvested for their internal energy; this process releases heat and warms the body. Circulatory adaptations, such as the countercurrent heat exchange mentioned above, transfer heat from the core of the animals body (its heart and lungs) to its periphery via specially designed networks of blood vessels. Shivering, which youve probably done some of yourself, is easiest to explain: this crude process generates heat by the rapid contraction and shaking of muscles.   If An Animal Gets Too Warm What if an animal is too warm, rather than too cold? In temperate and tropical climates, excess body heat can accumulate quickly and cause life-threatening problems. One of natures solutions is to place blood circulation very near the surface of the skin, which helps to release heat into the environment. Another is the moisture produced by sweat glands or respiratory surfaces, which evaporates in comparatively dryer air and cools the animal down. Unfortunately, evaporative cooling is less effective in dry climates, where water is rare and water loss can be a real problem. In such situations, mammals, like reptiles, often seek protection from the sun during the hotter daylight hours and resume their activity at night. The evolution of warm-blooded metabolisms in mammals wasnt a straightforward affair, as witness the fact that many dinosaurs were apparently warm-blooded, some contemporary mammals (including a species of goat) actually have something akin to cold-blooded metabolisms, and even one type of fish generates its own internal body heat.

Thomas Edisons Greatest Inventions

Thomas Edisons Greatest Inventions The legendary inventor Thomas Edison was the father of landmark inventions, including  the phonograph, the modern light bulb, the electrical grid, and motion pictures. Heres a look at a few of his greatest hits.   The Phonograph   Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edison’s first great invention was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency of a telegraph transmitter, he noticed that the tape of the machine gave off a noise that resembled spoken words when played at a high speed. This led him to wonder if he could record a telephone message.   He began experimenting with the diaphragm of a telephone receiver by attaching a needle to it based on the reasoning that the needle could prick paper tape to record a message. His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, Mary had a little lamb. The word phonograph was the trade name for Edisons device, which played cylinders rather than discs. The machine had two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When you spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of your voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. The cylinder phonograph, the first machine that could record and reproduce sound, created a sensation and brought Edison international fame. The date given for Edisons completion of the model for the first phonograph was August 12, 1877. It is more likely, however, that work on the model was not finished until November or December of that year since he did not file for the patent until December 24, 1877. He toured the country with the tin foil phonograph and was invited to the White House to demonstrate the device to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878. In 1878, Thomas Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. He suggested other uses for the phonograph, such as letter writing and dictation, phonographic books for blind people, a family record (recording family members in their own voices), music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time and a connection with the telephone so communications could be recorded. The phonograph also led to other spin-off inventions. For example, while the Edison Company had been fully devoted to the cylinder phonograph, Edison associates began developing their own disc player and discs in secret due to concern over the rising popularity of discs. And in 1913, the Kinetophone was introduced, which attempted to synchronize motion pictures with the sound of a phonograph cylinder record. A Practical Light Bulb   Thomas Edisons greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images Contrary to popular belief, he didnt invent the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light.   The idea of electric lighting was not new. A number of people had worked on and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edisons achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. He accomplished this when he was able to come up with an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread that burned for thirteen and a half hours. There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb. While most of the attention has been given to the discovery of the ideal filament that made it work, the invention of seven other system elements were just as critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day. These elements included: The parallel circuitA durable light bulbAn improved dynamoThe underground conductor networkThe devices for maintaining constant voltageSafety fuses and insulating materialsLight sockets with on-off switches And before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be tested through careful trial and error and developed further into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edisons incandescent lighting system was at the Menlo Park laboratory complex in December of 1879.   Industrialized Electrical Systems On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation, providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area. This marked the beginning of the electric age as the modern electric utility industry has since evolved from the early gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. Thomas Edisons Pearl Street electricity-generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb) and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a heat rate equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour.   Initially, the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors dramatically altered the industry. It went from mainly providing nighttime lighting to becoming a 24-hour service due to high electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities, though each was limited in size to a few blocks because of direct current’s transmission inefficiencies. Eventually, the success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until they were brought together to form Edison General Electric in 1889.   Despite the use of his name in the company title, Edison never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry would necessitate the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. And when Edison General Electric merged with leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name and the company became, simply, General Electric. Motion Pictures Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edisons interest in motion pictures began before 1888, but it was English photographer Eadweard Muybridge’s visit to his laboratory in West Orange in February of that year that inspired him to invent a camera for motion pictures.   Muybridge had proposed that they collaborate and combine the Zoopraxiscope with the Edison phonograph. Edison was intrigued but decided not to participate in such a partnership because he felt that the Zoopraxiscope was not a very practical or efficient method  of recording motion.   However, he liked the concept and filed a caveat with the Patents Office on October 17, 1888, that described his ideas for a device that would do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear- record and reproduce objects in motion. The device, called a Kinetoscope, was combination of the Greek words kineto meaning movement and scopos meaning to watch.† Edison’s team finished development on the Kinetoscope in 1891. One of Edisons first motion pictures (and the first motion picture ever copyrighted) showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. The major problem at the time, though, was that good film for motion pictures was not available.   That all changed in 1893 when Eastman Kodak began supplying motion picture film stock, making it possible for Edison to step up the production of new motion pictures. To do this, he built a motion picture production studio in New Jersey that had a roof that could be opened to let in daylight. The entire building was constructed so that it could be moved to stay in line with the sun. C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat invented a film projector called the Vitascope and asked Edison to supply the films and manufacture the projector under his name. Eventually, the Edison Company developed its own projector, known as the Projectoscope, and stopped marketing the Vitascope. The first motion pictures shown in a movie theater in America were presented to audiences on April 23, 1896, in New York City.

Childhood Obesity and Fitnessgram Testing Thesis

Childhood Obesity and Fitnessgram Testing - Thesis Example The research affirmed that teachers can implement this assessment tool to act and operate as an instructional instrument. The assessment tool helps teachers to design a significant curriculum that will assist them to meet the needs of their students where they show the deficiency. The qualitative sample showed that the students that are in the intervention group have a positive view on the Fitnessgram assessment and its ability to enhance their BMI. The Fitnessgram makes students aware of the level of their fitness and design ways to maintain it. The research showed that if students show a full strength on the five components of the assessment tool (aerobic capacity, abdominal strength, flexibility, body composition, and upper body strength), they can be termed as physically fit. When a student is fit in these five key areas, then the student is healthy, active, and fully operation member of the society. The project showed that the tool served the five principal goals and improved th e health outcomes and fitness levels of the sampled students. It also provided Georgia with a longitudinal data that they can develop self-assessment techniques that they can know their fitness level, use fitness information to develop instructional programs and decisions, and develop a long-time activity for their students. The analysis of the t-test and the means for the independent samples showed that the participants in the sample were statistically identical (refer to table 1).  

Research Agenda in Cloud Computing Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agenda in Cloud Computing - Research Proposal Example This study will require a survey of the available information or literature by the use of a methodical and principled approach; all the major databases of research for computer science will be searched, and these include the ACM Digital Library, the Google Scholar, the IEEE Xplore, the ScienceDirect together with the SpringerLink, for the key words such as cloud computing, Service Infrastructure, elastic computing, Service Software, utility computing, Service Platforms, the IaaS, Service Everything, the XaaS as well as the PaaS. Nevertheless, the range of information of data for this search will be limited from the year 2009 to the month of April 2013. This range of date is picked because the research is initiated in the month of April 2013. In addition, it is the best range because it is fairly long after the launching of all public clouds in the year 2005, thus there is adequate or sufficient data required for the survey to be accurate.For instance, the EC2 was first launched by Am azon in the month of August 2006, while the App Engine was launched by Google in April 2008. The term cloud computing, according to the Google Trends, began to become well known in the year 2007. After searching from the targeted five databases, we will find out the total number of papers returned. The paper’s abstracts together with titles will also be read, and for the purposes of quality, only peer-reviewed papers will be used for the review. However, only a very small number of the articles that are non peer-reviewed can be used.

How is conflict presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons Essay Example for Free

How is conflict presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons Essay Conflict is extremely influential every day all over the world. It can be from the smallest contrast of opinion to the wars in Afghanistan and Syria. Conflict is a key theme in William Shakespeares Macbeth. It is evident throughout the play from the initial dialogue which is an example of nature in disharmony thunder, lightning and rain to the end of the play where Macduff is jubilant about his execution of Macbeth Hail, king! For so thou art: behold, where stands the usurpers cursed head: the time is free The witches are the source on the majority of the conflict throughout Macbeth. They are unnatural creatures who are constantly associated with negative imagery upon the heath thunder, lighting and rain. They introduce the physical aspect of conflict in the play by saying When the hurly-burlys done, When the battles lost and won. When Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches in Act One, Scene Three, Banquo describes them as So witherd and so wild in their attire and that they look not like the inhabitants o the earth they deceive the stereotypical women as again Banquo says Upon her skinny lips: you should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret, That you are so. As well has looking extraordinary these women speak of extraordinary prophesies for both Macbeth and Banquo. Macbeth is a character that is accustom to war and violence. We learn of this in Act One, Scene two when the bloody man describes Macbeth to King Duncan as Brave Macbeth and that Macbeth Disdained fortune, with brandishd steel which smoked with bloody execution, like valours minion carved out his passage till he faced the slave; which neer shook hands nor bade farewell to him, till he unseamd him from the nave to the chaps, and fixd his head upon our battlements. Macbeth is clearly a brave soldier who is willing to brutally murder another human being just to protect King and Country. He could be perceived as a savage murderer with no thought of anothers persons life. Although he is physically strong Macbeth is mentally weak. His soliloquys throughout the play give us an insight if his internal confliction. In Act One, Scene Three Macbeth has an in-depth verbalisation of these bizarre internal difficulties. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature? Present fears, Are less than horrible imaginings. He is confused about the witches prophecies and believes that to become King he must commit regicide. This leads Macbeth to become no longer cognitive as he is infatuated with his thrive for power. Macbeth then redeems his character by saying If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir. In this particular soliloquy good has won over evil. Later on in Act One, Scene Seven, Evil wins over good although Macbeths decisions are influenced by Lady Macbeth. Up until this point we have seen Macbeth as a man of decisive action. However the moral problem of killing king Duncan has resulted in him hesitating the opening of this scene is key as it shows Macbeth wrestling with his conscience for the final time before he commits the act of regicide. His thoughts here are plagued with thoughts as to whether or not he should kill the King. Macbeths complex character changes dramatically throughout the scene. Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth if the assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch with his surcease success; that but this blow might be the be-all and the end-all here. This is Macbeth saying that he could kill King Duncan without consequence he would do it. He then shows his internal confliction by saying we still have judgment herewhich, being taught, return to plague the inventor. Macbeth is making a case against killing the King as he fears going to hell. He also says that he should be loyal to the king and as his host protect him. Lady Macbeth knows that herself and thirst for power are Macbeths mental weaknesses therefore manipulates Macbeth into killing king Duncan by calling him a coward. Macbeth himself summarises his faults with his final line of act one in which he says false face must hide what the false heart doth know. In conclusion, conflict is a key theme in Macbeth and it falls under three types: internal, natural and physical, Macbeth is a physically strong character who is a savage killer on the battlefield. Macbeth is told by the witches that he will become thane of Cawdor and then king. This is a prime example of natural conflict as the witches have superhuman knowledge; these prophecies are the catalyst of Macbeths internal conflict as he is faced with the decision whether or not to commit the act of regicide. Committing this act leads to the demise of both himself and Lady Macbeth. Every prophecies is meet with more conflict both and physically. As well as killing King Duncan, Macbeth also orders the killing of Banquos family as well as Macduff and his family but Macduff escapes. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are plagued by guilt, Macbeth begins hallucinating but Lady Macbeth throws herself off a building. Macduff returns to Scotland and kills Macbeth in battle and Malcolm is given is rightful position as king as he was heir to the throne. The play closes with physical conflict and courage. The idea of conflict and war can be presented in different ways. Conflict is apparent in: Macbeth, Dulce et Decorum Est, The Soldier and The Hero. Wilfred Owens Dulce is a poem written about the struggles and difficulties of war and conflict. Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori means It is sweet and right to die for your country. This is a contradiction of the poem which speaks of the affliction and distressing nature of war unlike the poem The Soldier by Rupert Brooke which glorifies war. The Soldier relishes in the spoils of war yet Brooke does not have first-hand experience of war like Owen does. The poem opens with the line Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. The men are struggling with the life they are living and it has there bodys decaying immensely. The exhaustion of war has drained the men both physically and mentally. Owen describes them as metaphorically Marching Asleep. The men are all blind as they do not want to face the inevitability. They are so drunk with fatigue they are deaf event to the hoots of gas shells dropping softly behind. Although in Dulce the men are mentally debilitated as a result of physical conflict, Macbeth is driven and powered by bodily hardship and it is infact Macbeths inner hostilities are what lead him into mental exhaustion. The poem is Macbeths inner thoughts verbalised. The poem Dulce is written in the rhyme scheme of AB. The use of the AB rhyme scheme slows the poem down to reflect the mens exhaustion and create a solemn atmosphere. The line Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! as well as a caesura quickens the poem. Another technique Owen uses is a number of narratives to reflect that all the men were suffering not just one or two. The Hero is written in an AA rhyme scheme therefore from this alone we can determine that is a more upbeat poem written from a more positive prospective. Owen goes on to tell the reader about one man who didnt fix his mask in time who was floundring like a man in fire or lime he then says that they flung him in a wagon this statement emphasises the fact that a man who was once a friend and Conrad is now a burden to them. Metaphorically this is similar to Macbeth as originally committing regicide was a good idea until it became the burden that lead to Macbeths mental breakdown. Later on in the poem Owen goes on to talk about the mental difficulties of seeing a man suffer such a gruesome fate. Owen says If in some smothering dreams you too could pace. Behind the wagon that we flung him in, and watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; Here Owen is speaking of the mental strain that seeing a Conrad inflicts upon them. It is clear that although this trauma has Owen distraught he is also relieved that it is not him. After reading all of the literature it is apparent that although all the text is written at different periods from the 16th century to the war periods conflict is key throughout. The literature gives different perspectives on conflict due to both their writers and the time periods they were written in.

Privilege And Justice :: essays research papers

Privilege & Justice Privilege, like a beautiful gift, comes in many shapes and sizes. The value of a privilege is infinite depending on who the recipient is. The privilege of luxury bestowed upon a wealthy person may not be as greatly cherished as the privilege of health insurance given to a person of a lower economic class. In our world today, privilege is dispersed in many forms and among many social classes. However, privilege seems to favor the wealthy as they seem to promote from within their own groups. Social and economical privileges are necessary among the elite to maintain their status among the Jones’; where as a privilege granted to the poor, simply allows a more stable existence. Two examples of privilege that are not material, but are equally as important, are justice and piece of mind. Unfortunately, these two privileges are likely to be less attainable to the lower class. Wealth and privilege seem to go hand in hand in today’s society; great advantages come with being wealthy. For example, material items are abundant for people with money. Wealth allows people to own anything they desire, from finest clothes and furnishings to the automobile of their dream. Those who posses these items are already at an advantage, they have what the latest magazines say you need and what everybody else wants. I find it a bit discerning that these material items dictate the social order, but the fact is, they do. Along with material items, beauty also determines your place in society. Once again, money allows for people to make necessary adjustment to become beautiful if they were not born â€Å"beautiful†. It not only cost money to make physical changes in order to stay beautiful, but it also takes money to keep your wardrobe up to date with the ever changing fashion world. It is my opinion that the greatest advantage of wealth would be the opportunity for educational and technological enrichment. Being blessed with the finest education and most up to date technology only solidifies the foundation for growth and further advancement in life. Nearly everything that exists on the planet can now be researched through a web site; that literally puts the world at your fingertips if you are lucky enough to have a computer. In addition, high school and college students are being prepared for professional career situations where it is likely they will be tested on their computer knowledge. Privilege And Justice :: essays research papers Privilege & Justice Privilege, like a beautiful gift, comes in many shapes and sizes. The value of a privilege is infinite depending on who the recipient is. The privilege of luxury bestowed upon a wealthy person may not be as greatly cherished as the privilege of health insurance given to a person of a lower economic class. In our world today, privilege is dispersed in many forms and among many social classes. However, privilege seems to favor the wealthy as they seem to promote from within their own groups. Social and economical privileges are necessary among the elite to maintain their status among the Jones’; where as a privilege granted to the poor, simply allows a more stable existence. Two examples of privilege that are not material, but are equally as important, are justice and piece of mind. Unfortunately, these two privileges are likely to be less attainable to the lower class. Wealth and privilege seem to go hand in hand in today’s society; great advantages come with being wealthy. For example, material items are abundant for people with money. Wealth allows people to own anything they desire, from finest clothes and furnishings to the automobile of their dream. Those who posses these items are already at an advantage, they have what the latest magazines say you need and what everybody else wants. I find it a bit discerning that these material items dictate the social order, but the fact is, they do. Along with material items, beauty also determines your place in society. Once again, money allows for people to make necessary adjustment to become beautiful if they were not born â€Å"beautiful†. It not only cost money to make physical changes in order to stay beautiful, but it also takes money to keep your wardrobe up to date with the ever changing fashion world. It is my opinion that the greatest advantage of wealth would be the opportunity for educational and technological enrichment. Being blessed with the finest education and most up to date technology only solidifies the foundation for growth and further advancement in life. Nearly everything that exists on the planet can now be researched through a web site; that literally puts the world at your fingertips if you are lucky enough to have a computer. In addition, high school and college students are being prepared for professional career situations where it is likely they will be tested on their computer knowledge.

Analysis of Capitalism: A Love Story Essay

Michael Moore is the writer and director of the highly relevant documentary film, Capitalism: A Love Story, which is a film explicating on the financial crisis during 2007-2010 as well as the other aspects such as the economic stimulus package with the government committed in resolving the economic order of the United States and capitalism. The approach used in the documentary film is the dialectic approach. This type of approach was best utilized in the documentary wherein it uses two contradicting ideas that try to overpower each other. The film narrates and explains on the financial crisis as well as of other topics that are encompassed in the film. However, a devil’s advocate that serves as an adverse critic emerges to challenge or question the points raised by the other. Thus, this causes a healthy discussion and arouses the critical thinking of the audience. The documentary film although appeals to the general public; however, the satirical sense of the documentary focuses on the personalities in the government as well as the people mainly involved in the fruition of the ideas discussed in the documentary film. Overall, the documentary film is an eye-opener for the public that leaves room for the audience to critic and think of. The fallacy in the documentary film is the contradicting definition of capitalism expressed in the film. The creator, Michael Moore, expressed the Marxists definition of capitalism and that it needs the state, which is the very opposite of the real definition of capitalism. However, as the film shows how the government dips its control through the different courses of actions in attempt to resolve the problem. The arguments presented by Michael Moore are quite convincing, especially through his dialectic approach that make the viewers critically think of the ideas presented and conduct their own deductions. Although the ideas are more abstract, the viewers make up of the gap through their logical and critical thinking. Reference Moore, M. (Producer & Director). (2009). Capitalism: A Love Story [Motion Picture]. USA.

Job hunting after graduation Essay

If you’ve left university and don’t yet have a job, here are tips on creating an action plan for finding work. It’s widely acknowledged that it’s harder than it used to be to land your first graduate job, and more people now find they are graduating without a job to go to straight away. If you are one of them, don’t panic. Take the opportunity for a short rest, then focus on what you can do to make things happen. 1. Keep looking The good news for graduate job hunters is that employers are now recruiting all year round. Traditionally, most graduate jobs were advertised in the autumn ‘milkround’, with many students having a job offer before they sat their finals. These days, graduate employers are more likely to advertise on an ad hoc basis, as jobs become available or as they get additional budget for recruitment. So don’t stop looking. The gradireland Summer Fair that takes place each June in Dublin is a chance to meet employers who did not fill all their jobs in the autumn or who have new vacancies. Use the same vacancy sources as when you were at university: gradireland.com, your careers service website etc. But don’t just rely on these: spread your net as far as possible. 2. Network Tell everyone you know that you are job hunting; be open to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships through them. The more contacts you make, the more likely you are to find out about opportunities and meet people who can help you. The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you want to work for: a few carefully-written applications are more  effective than hundreds of standard letters. Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pool of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry you’d like to work in. Don’t spend all summer on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make new contacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry you’re interested in, use everything to ‘meet’ new people. Start a blog: done well, it could be a good addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills. 3. Apply for internships There are several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from three months to a year. Some offer payment on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation; some even give an opportunity to work abroad for a while. Some of the main schemes currently available are:2. Network Tell everyone you know that you are job hunting; be open to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships through them. The more contacts you make, the more likely you are to find out about opportunities and meet people who can help you. The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you want to work for: a few carefully-written applications are more effective than hundreds of standard letters. Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pool of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry you’d like to work in. Don’t spend all summer on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make new  contacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry you’re interested in, use everything to ‘meet’ new people. Start a blog: done well, it could be a good addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills. 3. Apply for internships There are several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from three months to a year. Some offer payment on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation; some even give an opportunity to work abroad for a while. Some of the main schemes currently available are: Ireland JobBridge FAS Work Placement Programme IBEC Export Orientation Programme Graduates for International Growth (G4IG) Northern Ireland Graduate Acceleration Programme Applying for internships via an official programme gives you a degree of security. You may, of course, also find an internship by applying directly to the employer. It’s advisable to be aware of your employment rights and the Congress website is a useful source of information. Internships are not just a stop-gap on the way to a permanent job: as a ‘taster’ of a particular sector they can also help you to choose which career you ultimately would like to pursue. Whatever you do, you will gain new skills and experience to add to your CV. 4. Improve your employability Remember that you can still get help from university careers services after you graduate – either at your own university or, if you’ve moved back home, another higher education institution. Make an appointment if you need advice  on how to develop and market your skills or to improve your CV. Despite the downturn, there are still areas where there are skills shortages and unfilled vacancies. If you have the aptitude, consider upskilling, perhaps through a conversion course in IT, or by learning a language. ‘Lifelong learning’ is now considered essential even for those already in work, so if you have spare time use it to read and learn about the area of work you want to get into. Work on your employability skills: writing, administration, team-working, communication etc. You’ll be in a strong position if your job applications can demonstrate these qualities. Consider voluntary work as a way of adding to your portfolio of experience and learning new skills. There are opportunities for short and long-term involvement, whether it’s helping out at a local organisation or working for a national charity. 5. Be open to opportunities Realistically, it may not be immediately possible to get a graduate-level job. If something else is available – even if it is a casual or temporary job – try to use it as a stepping stone. A job in admin or customer support could lead to a more senior position in the same company later. It will let you prove that you have workplace experience and a good work ethic, and can give you transferable skills to add to future job applications. Don’t overlook small businesses. There are a lot of them, so add up to a major force as employers. They may not advertise specific ‘graduate’ vacancies but can be a good environment if you’re at the beginning of your career as there is often more flexibility to learn new skills. 6. Don’t give up Taking a year out or signing up for postgraduate study may be tempting as a way to postpone looking for work. They are worth considering if you are sure that you can demonstrate afterwards the benefits to employers. Otherwise, think carefully about whether this will help in the long term. It’s not necessarily the easy route, but the best course of action may be to stay put, stay positive and stay persistent. If things aren’t going well, review your progress and ask for help and support if you need it.

Social Impact of Theodore Roosevelt essays

Social Impact of Theodore Roosevelt essays The Social Impact of Theodore Roosevelt In the post-Gilded Age, America needed a strong President to carry out and embellish upon the social reform and dismantle the corruption left by trusts. Taking over for the late President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt was the upper-class proponent of the people willing to wage the crusade against big business with a boyish vigor to be admired by the entire world. His campaign for the layperson to avoid the extremes of swollen fortunes and grinding poverty is one of Herculean proportions to be remembered for all history. To understand the political beliefs of Teddy Roosevelt, one must understand the man behind the peoples champion. Although wealthy in his youth, young Theodore quickly learned the value of hard work due to his frail body and failing eyesight; this value echoed in his every word and bled into every bill he signed. TR worked tremendously to maintain a healthy body and became quite skilled in many areas of sport, and built a titanic zest for life, which he carried through his presidency. Without adversity, Roosevelts romance with the raw wilderness and his sense of debt to the common person could never have been constructed. Beginning with his role in the Rough Riders, Theodore was a romantic and dynamic American hero for the new era. As President, TR was clever in bringing about his reform and fearless of his antagonists; for Roosevelt felt a president should lead and fight the good fight for the greater good. In May1902, he showed his political clout by arbitrating the coal dispute. TR backed the miners insisting that nobody owned them and by using the pressure of lose, TR composed a square deal for the miners and shook the age of Big Business by proving federal intervention was possible for the common man. When written, The Sherman Anti-trust Act was fruitless but in the inventive forges of R ...

Word Choice That vs. Which - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice That vs. Which - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: That vs. Which The words â€Å"that† and â€Å"which† are tricky and even mentioning them in a room full of proofreaders is likely to cause an argument (especially if there’s a Brit about). Luckily, if all you’re interested in is communicating clearly in your written work, there’s a simple way of knowing which term is correct in any given situation. The important thing to know is â€Å"that† and â€Å"which† are both pronouns used when introducing a relative clause (i.e., additional detail about the thing being described). However, each is used in a slightly different situation. That (Restrictive Relative Clauses) The term â€Å"that† is used when introducing a restrictive relative clause (i.e., a relative clause that restricts the meaning of the sentence): All the houses that we rented were infested. In the above, the phrase â€Å"that we rented† identifies the specific houses being described (i.e., the houses that were rented, not those we didn’t rent). It is thus a â€Å"restrictive† clause and cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Which (Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses) By contrast, â€Å"which† is used when introducing a non-restrictive relative clause (i.e., one that doesn’t restrict the meaning of the sentence): All the houses, which we rented, were infested. The â€Å"which† clause here introduces new information, but isn’t essential to the sentence: It tells us that we rented â€Å"all the houses,† but not which houses we’re referring to. Here we see the difference between â€Å"that† and â€Å"which.† Since we could remove â€Å"which we rented† without changing the overall meaning of the sentence, it is a non-restrictive clause. You’ll notice too that the â€Å"which† clause is contained within commas, indicating the use of a non-restrictive relative clause. We also use a comma when a non-restrictive relative clause appears at the end of the sentence: I spent years living in infested buildings, which wasn’t much fun. That or Which? Keeping in mind these differences, knowing whether to use â€Å"that† or â€Å"which† at any given point simply requires asking, â€Å"Does this clause change the meaning of my sentence?† If removing the additional detail would change the meaning of the sentence, you need to use â€Å"that.† If removing the detail doesn’t change the overall meaning, you should use â€Å"which† and set the clause within parenthetical commas. Remember: Restrictive relative clause (i.e., one that changes the meaning of the sentence) = That Non-restrictive relative clause (i.e., one that doesn’t change the meaning) = Which

Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen Research Paper

Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen in the hospitalized elderly patients - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the normal aging process in the human body is not a disease, yet involves functional degradation, susceptibility to disease, and progression to the death of the individual. With death of the individual inevitable, the interest in ageing lies in the susceptibility to disease and the interval to death. Gompertz law suggests a pattern for susceptibility to death, which is that in the modern world human death rate doubles with every eight years of advance in age, as a consequence of the aging processes in the human body. There are gender differences in the susceptibility to death from aging in humans. The susceptibility is higher in the male gender than in the female gender. The human body is a functional system. In evaluating the consequences of aging, the concept of failure in the system becomes relevant. From the perspective of the reliability theory, failure of the human body system is the outcome of deviation from the â€Å"optimistically anticipated and desired behavior†. There are two most often used classification for this failure in the human body. They are degradation failures and catastrophic failures or fatal failures. Degradation failures are those failures in the human body, wherein a component or group of components of the human body no longer functions at the proper levels. Catastrophic failures or fatal failures in the human body occur when a component or group of components in the human body cease to function. ... Age-related structural changes that occur in the heart are an increase in the size of the heart muscles and increase and thickness in the heart chambers and heart cells. These age-related structural changes, with particular emphasis on left ventricle, have an impact on the pumping efficacy of the heart. The impact causes reduction in the heart muscle flexibility, and through that a reduction in the pumping efficacy of the heart. Nevertheless, generally speaking, normal age-related changes in the heart has no affect on the contractile force of the heart and its ability to meet the need of pumping blood throughout the human body (Yee-Melichar, Boyle & Flores, 2011, p.356). There is greater impact of age-related changes on the flow of blood in the human body. With age the walls of the arteries stiffen and twisted, which increases the resistance to flow of blood in these blood vessels. This leads to the heart having to apply more pressure for flow of blood through these blood vessels. Th e increased pressure along the blood vessels from this response of the heart can lead to damage and more changes in the arteries. Age-related changes also occur in the veins. These changes include thickening of the walls of the veins, more dilation of the veins, and reduced elasticity of the walls of the veins. In addition, there is a reduction in the efficiency of the working of the valves in the veins to return blood to the heart. The consequence of all these changes is that there reduced return of blood from the body to the heart, resulting in pooling of blood in the extremities. These result in dependent edema in the lower extremities, when elderly individuals remain seated for long periods, like on long airline journeys (Yee-Melichar, Boyle & Flores, 2011,

SWOT analysis report on youth justice system and its links to multi Essay

SWOT analysis report on youth justice system and its links to multi agency working practices - Essay Example This essay will present the strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis of the system. The essay will include the link of the system to multi agency working practices. The youth justice system main aim is â€Å"the prevention of offending by children and young people.† The youth justice system believes that one of the best and most cost-effective ways to reduce youth crime is to prevent young people from committing it. They should be able to identify the cause of such act which maybe because of lack education, poor family relationships, having family members or peers who have offended, and misuse of substance. At the end of the essay we will be able to examine the multi-agency approaches to working in a political social and policy context. The key drivers of changes in public service will be examined. We will be able to analyse the various barriers to multi agency partnerships. The essay will be able us to understand the role of the organization within a multi agency context. And at the end we will understand the importance of partnership in a multi agency approach to achieve justice sector goals. The youth justice system in England Wales includes the process and procedure used in prosecuting, convicting and punishing persons under 18 years of age who commit criminal acts. The youth justice system are being govern by the youth justice board who ensure that the custody of the young offender is safe, secure, and addresses the causes of their offending behaviour. The youth justice system is effective in its purpose to treat the young offenders on the way that they should be treated. This is one of the strength that the justice system had. The system follows a process in handling situations on young offenders. When a young person commits a first or second minor offense a system of reprimands and final warning can be given by the police officer. A reprimand is a verbal warning given by police officer to young person who admits