Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction The aim of this experiment is to investigate whether changing the concentration of a solution will have any effect on the rate of the reaction. We are trying to prove that increasing the concentration will speed up the rate of the reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the rate of reaction we measure the amount of reactants used or products produced over a certain period of time. In our experiment we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to note the rate of the reaction. According to Le Chateliers Principle; â€Å"if a system that is in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium position will change in order to oppose the disturbing influence and re-establish equilibrium† (1). Therefore if the concentration of a substance is increased then the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the concentration of the reactants then the forward reaction will speed up. Based on this information we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid will speed up with increased concentration. Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more effective collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quicker the rate of the reaction will be. Increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction. 5 Equal Volume conical flasks One 500cm ³ measuring cylinder Two 100cm ³ measuring cylinder One 10cm ³ measuring cylinder 8g of sodium thiosulphate 35cm ³ concentrate hydrochloric acid 1 electronic scale 1 filter paper 1 stopwatch 1 piece of white paper with black cross First we had to use the electronic scale to measure out 8g of sodium thiosulphate and then dissolve the 8g of thiosulphate in 200cm ³ of water. This was done in the 500cm ³ measuring cylinder. The next step was to use the 100cm ³ measuring cylinder to measure and pour 50cm ³, 40cm ³, 30cm ³, 20cm ³ and 10cm ³ respectively into the five identical conical flasks. In order to make sure that each conical flask had a total volume of 50cm ³ of solution we added 10cm ³, 20cm ³, 30cm ³ and 40cm ³ of water into the last four flasks. The next step in the process was to use the other 100cm ³ measuring cylinder to prepare a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. This was done by adding 35cm ³ of hydrochloric acid to 65cm ³ of water. Once all the solutions were prepared it was time to conduct the experiment. We placed the conical flask on the piece of paper over the black cross. We used the 10cm ³ measuring cylinder to measure 5cm ³ of hydrochloric acid solution and added this to the conical flask. As soon as it was added we started the stopwatch. We observed the solution and as soon as it turned a creamy-yellow and the cross could not be seen the stopwatch was stopped and the time was written down. This was then repeated on the other four conical flasks. Once we had completed all the tests we cleaned out all the apparatus and repeated the whole experiment again with the remaining hydrochloric acid solution so that we could compare the results. Flask Sodium Thiosulphate concentration (cm ³) Time (s) (experiment 1) Time (s) (experiment 2) 1 50 32.72 24.16 2 40 33.80 27.90 3 30 54.60 43.01 4 20 84.92 71.01 5 10 197.40 158.19 From the above tables and graphs we can see that our hypothesis is correct. Increasing the concentration of a solution will increase the rate of the reaction. We can also see from the table and the graphs that the rate of the reaction differed in experiment 2. The reason for this could be that when we prepared the dilute solution of hydrochloric acid we did not mix it properly with the water. This lead to there being a stronger dilute in the bottom of the measuring cylinder compared to that at the top of the measuring cylinder. This would have affected the results as it means that in experiment 1 there was a weaker solution of hydrochloric acid used, when it came to experiment 2 we were using the solution at the bottom of the cylinder and that part of the solution is stronger and more concentrated. This actually helped prove our hypothesis as we can see that in experiment 2 the rate of the reaction was shorter. This is because there was a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid being added to the solution. In the graph concentration vs. 1/time we can see that a straight line is formed. This means that there is an inverse relationship between concentration and the rate of a reaction. As the concentration of a substance is increased then the time for the reaction to take place is decreased. From all of the above results from the experiment conducted we can conclude that the rate of a reaction is affected by the concentration of a substance. As there is a higher concentration of molecules in the substance then there will be more effective collisions taking place which means that the reaction will take place much faster. Chemistry Practical Investigation Preparation In this practical investigation we are going to investigate the effect that concentration has on the rate of a reaction. In order to do this we are going to conduct an experiment which involves adding different concentrations of a substance to another substance and then take note of the different rates of reaction, if any difference is to be seen. If a difference is seen then we can come to the conclusion that concentration does have an effect on the rate of a reaction. According to Le Chateliers Principle; â€Å"if a system that is in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium position will change in order to oppose the disturbing influence and re-establish equilibrium† (1). Therefore if the concentration of a substance is increased then the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the concentration of the reactants then the forward reaction will speed up. Based on this information we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid will speed up with increased concentration. Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more effective collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quicker the rate of the reaction will be. Thus we can conclude in our hypothesis that increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the rate of reaction we measure the amount of reactants used or products produced over a certain period of time. In our experiment we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to note the rate of the reaction. Other reactions that we couldve used include the reaction that is represented in the following equation; 2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2. The reason that we did not chose this reaction is because it would be to complicated for us to monitor the rate of the reaction. It is for this reason that we chose to use the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. In this experiment we are going to prepare five measuring cylinders each with different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate in. This is to test what effect the different concentrations have on the rate of the reaction. In order to make sure that each flask has an equal total volume we will add water to the each measuring cylinder. The next step of the process is to draw a cross on a piece of paper and place it under the measuring cylinder. Once that has been done we will add a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to each of the measuring cylinders. Since we know that this reaction produces a creamy yellow precipitate it will not be hard to measure the rate of the reaction. Once the hydrochloric acid has been added we will time how long it takes until we cannot see the cross on the paper, this means until the creamy yellow precipitate is formed and the solution becomes turbid. If our hypothesis is correct then we will find that the measuring cylinders with a higher concentration of sodium thiosulphate will take quicker to form a creamy-yellow precipitate, thus proving that increasing concentration increases the rate of the reaction. Bibliography: M. Mann: Physical Science 12 textbook and workbook October 2007: page 16-1 http://www.azete.com/view/48253 http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/coneffec.html

The Human Genome Project Debate :: Science Technology Genetics Papers

The Human Genome Project Debate The Human Genome Project is a 15 year, 3 billion dollar venture whose goals involve identifying the 80,000 genes in human DNA and determining the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. Genes are made up of a threadlike material called DNA. DNA contains four main ingredients, which are called bases. A single gene may contain thousands of bases, so the Human Genome Project (HGP) is not any easy task. First, scientists have to go into the cells nucleus, where the DNA is located. Here the DNA is tightly coiled, so researchers have to uncoil it and then examine the DNA and write down the order of the bases. The order is extremely important because it underlies life's diversity. The ultimate objective of the HGP is to create a directory of the genes that can be used to answer questions such as what specific genes do and how they work. Once all the genes are examined, and their bases described, researchers have to translate what their order means. A genome is the entire DNA in an organism, including its expressed genes. These genes carry the codes for making all the proteins the organism requires. These proteins determine everything from how the organism looks to how it behaves. The HGP has been progressing very rapidly. Because of its rapid success, a new set of goals were arranged for the 1998-2003 year period. The first goal is to complete the sequencing of the human genome and to make it publicly available to researchers so they can all work together to better the human condition. Included in this goal is to improve technology so that there is a more efficient way of sequencing DNA. Advancing technology includes decreasing the cost of current technology, funding for new technology, and effective review methods for implementing advanced technology development. Variations in human genomes include the most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's), deletions, insertions, and duplications. One goal of the HGP is to gain a better understanding of the types and frequencies of these variations and their possible functional purpose. Mapping SNP's will aid in researching conditions such as cancer and mental retardation. These maps may also be applicable in identifying genes that contribute to increasing disease risk. Another major goal of the HGP is determining the functions of genes. Once the complete genome sequence is discovered, the interpretation of the sequence still needs to be done.

Different type of games

Goldfish, padres, tuna, and speed are only but a mere portion of the hundreds of games that can be played with Just an ordinary deck of cards. Board games come in second place of popularity with the typical family home. Monopoly, chess, checkers, Clue, and newer games like 404: Law not found, and Smà ¶rgà ¥sbord are only but a few of the board games sizzling in the market. What family do you know that does not have a monopoly sitting around the house somewhere? From being placed In a drawer or neatly hidden Inside of a closet. Smà ¶rgà ¥sbord is a board game for friends, family and for the people who likes food.Players take on the role of aspiring chefs as they work their way around the board In search of fortunate success. The object of the game Is to be the first team of chefs to graduate from Rick's Culinary Academy! The losers†¦ Do the dishes! Board games proves their popularity and shows that this style of home entertainment will not go out without a fight. Outdoor game s comes In third place among the popular home games over the years. Basketball, softball, kickball, and touch football are played In almost every large backyard or vacant lot.Not only do outdoor games appeal to family bonding, but they also appeal to those who care about physical well-being. Staying physically fit while having fun sounds Like a great combination right? This category of games Is placed third for a reason. Outdoor games are currently at war with the present day technology, but will not give up so willingly. All three categories promote nothing but healthy competition among family members and friends. They provide a natural release of frustration, and also teaches the understanding of sportsmanship.Older players are reminded that how the game Is played Is the most Important thing to consider. While younger players learn to win and lose without the temper tantrums. Games played at home has remained popular for many years, and penthouse our technology gradually Increase, It will continue to remain popular for a long time to come. Different type of games By Commissaries somewhere? From being placed in a drawer or neatly hidden inside of a closet. Players take on the role of aspiring chefs as they work their way around the board in search of fortunate success.The object of the game is to be the first team of chefs to Outdoor games comes in third place among the popular home games over the years. Basketball, softball, kickball, and touch football are played in almost every large while having fun sounds like a great combination right? This category of games is All three categories promote nothing but healthy competition among family is played is the most important thing to consider. While younger players learn to win for many years, and penthouse our technology gradually increase, it will continue to

Determinism in Slaughterhouse-Five by Billy Pilgrim Essay

Determinism, particularly pre-determinism, states that the origin of creation controls when and why all events of the past, present, and future occur, which decisively contradicts the belief in free will of the majority of humans in today’s society. Slaughterhouse-Five follows the life of Billy Pilgrim, a young man who has become â€Å"unstuck† in time. The novel traces Billy’s experiences during the bombing of Dresden in World War II, an encounter with extraterrestrials, called Tralfamadorians, and throughout his domestic life as a father, husband, and optometrist. In particular, Kurt Vonnegut explores the bombing of Dresden and the effects thereof on Billy Pilgrim, forming Billy into an apparently insane character who speaks of†¦show more content†¦While never a defeatist, Billy merely flows through his disjointed life without much heed to the event at hand. Billy realizes that he holds the power to create his own happiness and satisfaction out of life through appreciation of the present moment rather than contemplate the occurrence of past and future. Vonnegut develops Billy Pilgrim as a unique protagonist as a means of forcing the reader to question the application of free will upon society and gain a new perspective on the beauty of the present. Once Billy becomes capable of time travel and comes into contact with the Tralfamadorians, he simply goes through the motions of life but avoids falling into a defeatist attitude. Under the tutelage of the Tralfamadorians, Billy fashions a brand new perspective towards society and enhances his natural persona, â€Å"When Billy accepts the Tralfamadorian philosophy, the passivity that he has displayed his entire life—from wanting to drift quietly at the bottom of the YMCA pool after his father throws him in, to begging Roland Weary to leave him behind—is justified. If the future cannot be changed anyway, why even try?† (Farrell 9). Though the interaction with the Tr alfamadorians seems to allow Billy an outlet to construct his own ideals upon the universe, he nonetheless continues along the same path as before. Billy becomes an extremist towards passivity in life rather than utilizing the experience to impart a strong impressionShow MoreRelatedSlaughterhouse Five Literary Analysis890 Words   |  4 Pages Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five explores this struggle between free-will and destiny, and illustrates the idea of time in order to demonstrate that there is no free-will in war; it is just destiny. Vonnegut conveys this through irony, symbolism and satire. Time concept is a complex idea that resist full understanding thus we can only percept it and determinism is a belief that is adopted by whose can percept time better than the others. 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